JEE Main Syllabus 2024: Download Exam Pattern and Syllabus

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN
CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic
theory: Concept of atom, molecule,
element and compound: Physical
quantities and their measurements in
Chemistry, precision and accuracy,
significant figures. S.I. Units, dimensional
analysis: Laws of chemical combination;
Atomic and molecular masses, mole
concept, molar mass, percentage
composition, empirical and molecular
formulae: Chemical equations and
stoichiometry.

UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER

Classification of matter into solid, liquid
and gaseous states.

• Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases: Gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charle’s law. Graham’s law of diffusion. Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.
• Liquid State: Properties of liquids – vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment
  only).
• Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications: Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fee, bee and hep lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids; Electrical and magnetic properties.

UNIT 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Thomson and Rutherford atomic models
and their limitations; Nature of
electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric
effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
Bohr model of a hydrogen atom – its
postulates, derivation of the relations for
the energy of the electron and radii of the
different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s
model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie’s
relationship. Heisenberg uncertainty
principle. Elementary ideas of quantum
mechanics, quantum mechanics, the
quantum mechanical model of the atom, its
important features. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled
orbitals.

UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bond
formation, the concept of ionic and
covalent bonds.

• Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
• Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.
• Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.

Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen
bonding and its applications.

UNIT 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System
and surroundings, extensive and intensive
properties, state functions, types of
processes.

• The first law of thermodynamics –
  Concept of work, heat internal energy and
  enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat
  capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat
  summation; Enthalpies of bond
  dissociation, combustion, formation,
  atomization, sublimation, phase transition,
  hydration, ionization and solution.
• The second law of thermodynamics –
  Spontaneity of processes; and system as criteria for spontaneity. Standard Gibbs
  energy change and equilibrium constant.

UNIT 6: SOLUTIONS

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution – molality,
molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by
volume and mass both), the vapour
pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law –
Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour
pressure – composition, plots for ideal and
non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties
of dilute solutions – a relative lowering of
vapour pressure, depression of freezing
point, the elevation of boiling point and
osmotic pressure; Determination of
molecular mass using colligative
properties; Abnormal value of molar mass,
van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic
equilibrium.

• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid liquid, liquid – gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry’s law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
• Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants and their significance, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.

UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and
  reduction, redox reactions, oxidation
  number, rules for assigning oxidation
  number, balancing of redox reactions.
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction,
  conductance in electrolytic solutions,
  molar conductivities and their variation
  with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and
  its applications.
• Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and
  Galvanic cells, different types of
  electrodes, electrode potentials including
  standard electrode potential, half – cell and
  cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and
  its measurement: Nernst equation and its
  applications; Relationship between cell
  potential and Gibbs’ energy change: Dry
  cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

UNIT 9: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the
rate of reactions: concentration, temperature,
pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex
reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate
law, rate constant and its units, differential and
integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of
temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius
theory, activation energy and its calculation,
collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions
(no derivation).

UNIT 10: SURFACE CHEMISTRY

• Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and
  their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of
  gases on solids – Freundlich and Langmuir
  adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.
• Catalysis – Homogeneous and
  heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of
  solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its
  mechanism.
• Colloidal state- distinction among true
  solutions, colloids and suspensions,
  classification of colloids – lyophilic.
  lyophobic; multimolecular.
  macromolecular and associated colloids
  (micelles), preparation and properties of
  colloids – Tyndall effect. Brownian
  movement, electrophoresis, dialysis,
  coagulation and flocculation: Emulsions
  and their characteristics.

UNIT 11: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

Modem periodic law and present form of
the periodic table, s, p. d and f block
elements, periodic trends in properties of
elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence,
oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature,
minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of
metals – concentration, reduction ( chemical and
electrolytic methods), and refining with special
reference to the extraction of AL Cu, Zn, and Fe;
Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles
involved in the extraction of metals.

UNIT 13: HYDROGEN

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes,
preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen;
Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides – ionic, covalent, and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT 14: S -BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI
AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

• Group -1 and 2 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds – sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone. Plaster of Paris and cement: Biological significance of Na, K. Mg and Ca.

UNIT 15: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration
and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

• Groupwise study of the p – block elements Group -13: Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminum; Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums.
• Group-14: The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones.
• Group-15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, and phosphorus halides (PCb. PCls); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus. 
• Group-16: Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone:

1. Allotropic forms of sulphur.
2. Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation).
3. Structures of oxoacids of sulphur. 

• Group-17: Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
• Group-18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides ofxenon.

UNIT 16: d – and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

• Transition Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4.

Inner Transition Elements

• Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.
• Actinoids – Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

UNIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; 1UP AC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

UNIT 18: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

• Environmental pollution – Atmospheric, water and soil.
• Atmospheric pollution – Tropospheric and Stratospheric
• Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain.
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.
• Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer – its mechanism and effects.
• Water Pollution – Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
• Soil pollution – Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution

UNIT 19: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Purification – Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography – principles and their applications.
• Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

UNIT 20: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

• Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.
• Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
• Common types of organic reactions- substitutions, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

UNITS 21: HYDROCARBONS

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.

Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization.

UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
HALOGENS

• General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
• Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.

UNIT 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

General methods of preparation, properties,
reactions, and uses.

• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
• Ethers: Structure
• Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NHJ, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of­ hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
• Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions and uses.

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.
• Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 25: POLYMERS

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization, – Addition and condensation, copolymerization.
• Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.

UNIT 26: BIOMOLECULES

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

• Carbohydrates – Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
• Proteins – Elementary Idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
• Vitamins – Classification and functions.
• Nucleic Acids– Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.

UNIT 27: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

• Chemicals in Medicines – Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids. Anti-histamines – their meaning and common examples.
• Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents – common examples.
• Cleansing Agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

UNIT 28: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.

The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:

• Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
• Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicator oxalic-acid vs KMn04, Mohr’s salt vs KMn04.

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

• Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
• Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
• Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
• Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

UNIT 1: SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Sets and their representation: Union,
intersection and complement of sets and
their algebraic properties; Power set;
Relation, Type of relations, equivalence
relations, functions; one-one, into and onto
functions, the composition of functions.

UNIT 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of
reals, Representation of complex numbers
in the form a + ib and their representation
in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of
complex number, modulus and argument
(or amplitude) of a complex number,
square root of a complex number, triangle
inequality, Quadratic equations in real and
complex number system and their
solutions Relations between roots and coefficient, nature of roots, the formation of
quadratic equations with given roots.

UNIT3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of
matrices, determinants, and matrices of
order two and three, properties of
determinants, evaluation of determinants,
area of triangles using determinants,
Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse of a
square matrix using determinants and
elementary transformations, Test of
consistency and solution of simultaneous
linear equations in two or three variables
using determinants and matrices.

UNIT 4: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as section, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.

UNIT 5: MATHEMATICAL INDUCTIONS

Principle of Mathematical Induction and
its simple applications.

UNIT 6: BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients, and simple applications.

UNIT 7: SEQUENCE AND SERIES

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G .M sum up to n terms of special series; Sn, Sn2, Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression.

UNIT 8: LIMIT, CONTINUITY, AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Real – valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse function. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two, Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean value Theorems, Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normal.

UNIT 9: INTEGRAL CALCULAS

• Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithms functions. Integrations by substitution, by parts and by partial functions. Integration using trigonometric identities.
• Evaluation of simple integrals of the type Integral as limit of a sum. The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

UNIT 10: DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS

Ordinary differential equations, their order, and degree, the formation of differential equations, solution of differential equation by the method of
separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type.

UNIT 11: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis.

• Straight line: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, equations of internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of the family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.
• Circle, conic sections: A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and central, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent, sections of conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for Y = mx +c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.

UNIT 12: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, the intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.

UNIT 13: VECTOR ALGEBRA

Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

UNIT 14: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

• Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
• Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution.

UNIT 15: TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometrical identities and equations, trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions, and their properties, heights, and distance.

UNIT 16: MATHEMATICAL REASONING

Statement logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if, understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse, and contrapositive.

Unit 1

Awareness of persons. Buildings, Materials. Objects, Texture related to Architecture and Build-environment Visualizing three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional drawings. Visualizing. Different sides of three-dimensional objects. Analytical Reasoning Mental Ability (Visual. Numerical, and Verbal)

Unit 2

Three-dimensional- perception: Understanding and appreciation of scale and proportions of objects, building forms and elements, colour texture harmony and contrast Design and drawing of geometrical or abstract shapes and patterns in pencil. Transformation of forms, both 2D and 3D union, subtraction rotation, development of surfaces and volumes, Generation of plans, elevations, and 3D views of objects, Creating two-dimensional and three-dimensional compositions using given shapes and forms.

UNIT-1 GENERAL AWARENESS

General knowledge questions and knowledge about prominent cities, development issues,
government programmes etc.

UNIT-2 SOCIAL SCIENCES

• The idea of nationalism, nationalism in India, pre-modern world, 19th -century global economy, colonialism and colonial cities, industrialisation, resources and development, types of resources, agriculture, water, mineral resources, industries, national economy, Human Settlements.
• Power-sharing, federalism, political parties, democracy, the constitution of India
• Economic development- economic sectors, globalization, the concept of development, poverty; Population structure, social exclusion and inequality, urbanization, rural development, colonial cities.

UNIT-3 THINKING SKILLS

Comprehension (unseen passage); map reading skills, scale, distance, direction, area etc.; critical reasoning; understanding of charts, graphs and tables; basic concepts of statistics and quantitative reasoning.